Research design exercise on Domestic burglary Literature review

Research design exercise on Domestic burglary - Literature review Example In handling burglary situations, these facts need to be examined in relation to the facts of the context at hand (Tilley, 1993). When applied to the case at hand, we can identify the increase in assets in the buildings motivates offenders. The increase in student occupancy increases the vulnerable target group drastically. And also, the ease of burglars slipping through the back of the houses makes the student households vulnerable targets. In attempt to deal with these burgaries, Mayhew et al (1976) recommend that there is the need to reduce access and increase risk detection. This therefore forms the framework for the prevention of these student burglaries. In operationalising the research, there is the need to formulate hypotheses. A hypothesis is a tentative statement that is tested for its truthfulness or falsity (Kothari, 2005). So for the ease of doing this research, the objectives will be translated to the following hypotheses: The research will therefore seek to accept or refute these hypotheses. This will form the basis for a choice of either the fixing of gates in the alleyways to impede the escape of burglars and their detection or run a campaign to enable the residents to identify signs of theft and take necessary actions through better security systems like alarms and more secure windows. This will be complemented by data on the total number of residents. This will aid in comparison. Also, the frequency of burglaries must be known. This should show the general picture and also the frequency amongst student households. This data on the numbers of people living in each housing unit can be collected from the housing authorities in the area. Data on burglaries and their frequencies can be attained from the police archives. The next set of data to be collected should be the number of assets each household possesses. This will be complemented

Effects of Traumatic Experience on Child Behaviour

Effects of Traumatic Experience on Child Behaviour How can a traumatic experience influence childrens behaviour? A literature review Introduction The issues surrounding childrens behaviour after a traumatic experience are complex, multifactorial and often hugely controversial. Having considered the literature on the subject, one could be forgiven for believing that there are as many opinions on the issues as there are people considering the issues. In this review we have attempted to cover as many of the major areas as possible in order to present a reasonably comprehensive overview of the subject. The definition of a traumatic experience is subjective from both the point of view of the child concerned and also form the observer. Some commentators have suggested that the only workable definition of a traumatic experience is one that, by definition, produces demonstrable psychological sequelae. (Abikoff 1987) This may be the case, but as other commentators observe, some psychological sequelae may not surface for years, if at all. This does not mean that the original triggering episode was not traumatic. There is also the view that that the worst kind, or most extreme type of trauma may be the most likely to be actively suppressed at either a conscious or subconscious level. (Haddad Garralda. 1992) Literature Review With an area of literature as vast as the one that we are considering here, it is often difficult to find a place to start. In this instance we will consider the paper by Prof. Harry Zetlin (1995) who starts with a short monograph on the screening of a television programme which dealt with arguably the most catastrophic of stresses to befall a child, that of the loss of a parent through murder or violence. He makes several thought provoking comments which are worthy of consideration as they are germinal to the thrust of this article. The first is a plea that the diagnostic label of post-traumatic stress should not be a â€Å"catch-all basket† for all emotional and behavioural problems that can occur after a traumatic experience. (Gorcey et al.1986) The second is the realisation that in the particular circumstances portrayed on the television where a parent is murdered have two consequences. The first is the obvious catastrophic trauma that the child experiences with the violent loss of a parent, but the second is the much less obvious fact that the child has, at a stroke, also lost a valuable, and normally available resource, of the protective family environment, which is often one of the most useful therapeutic tools available to the therapist. He adds to this two further insights. The first is that the surviving parent has their own trauma to deal with and that is invariably transmitted to the child and that, because such events are mercifully comparatively rare, only a comparatively few professionals are ever able to build up any significant expertise and experience on the subject. The main issue of the piece is, however, the very relevant point that considering the apparent obsession of the media with intrusive â€Å"fly-on-the-wall† documentaries and the almost equally insatiable public hunger for sensation, the very fact that such a programme is made at all, almost inevitably adds to the trauma felt by the victims. (Koss et al 1989) One could argue that actually confronting and talking about such issues is part of the healing process. Such considerations may be of value in the adult who is more able to rationalise the concepts involved, but to the child this may be very much more difficult and being forced to relive the episodes in a very public and unfamiliar arena, may do little more than add to the psychological stresses and damage already caused. (Mayall Gold 1995) This paper offers a wise and considered plea for sense and moderation, not to mention reservation and decency. It is written in calm and considered moderate tones which makes the impact of its message all the more powerful. The next few papers that we would like to analyse deal with the thorny issue of Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. It has to be commented that there is a considerable body of literature which argues on both sides of the debate about whether ADHD is the result of childhood trauma. One side is presented, quite forcibly, by Bramble (et al. 1998). The authors cite Kewley (1998) as stating that the prime aetiology of ADHD is a genetic neuro-developmental one. They challenge the expressed views that it is a manifestation of early childhood abuse or trauma which can have occurred at some time previously with the words: â€Å"†¦..early abuse and trauma later manifest as symptoms and that the detection of these symptoms in children clearly illustrates early trauma is a prime example of the logical fallacy that underpins all psychoanalytical theory and practice.† The authors argue that to state â€Å"because psychotherapy is often effective it must reflect the fact that a traumatic episode must have been responsible because it addresses directly the original emotional trauma† (Follette et al.1996), is completely unsound. The natural progression of this argument, they assert, is the reason why many parents of children with ADHD have such difficulty in finding child psychiatrists who can actually help them rather than the many who would seek to blame them for the child’s behaviour in the first place. (Breire 1992) The authors take the view that the reason that psychoanalytical practitioners have held so much influence on the profession over the years is that it is only recently that the glare of evidence based medicine has fallen on their discipline. The authors argue that far from using psychotherapeutic tools to try to achieve resolution, the evidence suggests that psycho-stimulant treatment is far more effective (Abikoff 1987) if only because it enhances the therapeutic effect of other forms of treatment such as family therapy and special educational provision. The converse argument, or perhaps an extension of the argument, is presented by Thambirajah (1998) who takes the view that many papers on ADHD (and by inference he is referring to the one reviewed above), regard the syndrome as being a diagnosis made simply by â€Å"checking an appropriate number of boxes on a check-list†. He asserts that factors such as biopsychological circumstances should be weighed equally strongly as the symptom cluster of impulsivity, inattention or hyperactivity. (Tannock 1998) In direct contrast to the preceding paper he states that early traumatic experiences, current abuse or even depression of the mother may all be contributory factors in the aetiology of the condition. He argues that taking no account of these factors is to ignore much of the accumulated evidence and wisdom on the subject. He also makes a very valid point that to ignore these factors and only to use the check-list approach means that here is an over-reliance on the significance of these symptoms and, as a direct result, this leads to an overestimation of prevalence. He points to the obviously erroneous estimate of a study that was based exclusively on check list symptomatology, of 15% (although the study is not quoted). The author makes the very valid point that most psychiatrists would agree that the hyperkinetic disorder is a small sub-group within the ADHD syndrome and that these children may need treatment with stimulants but only after other aetiologies have been excluded. He makes the rather apt comparison of treating all children with ADHD the same way as calling all four legged animals with a tail donkeys. There are a great many more papers on this issue which we could usefully review but we must explore other areas of trauma in a child’s life in order to try to give a representative overview. With the possible exception of the situation outlined in the first paper reviewed, there can be few experiences more traumatising to a child than to me made homeless as a refugee in a time of war. The paper by Hodes (et al. 2001) is both heart rending and informative as it explores the health needs of refugees arriving in the UK. Although the paper catalogues all of the health needs (that need not concern us in this article) of the refugees, it does not overlook the psychosocial trauma aspects of the children’s plight. They point to the fact that one way that a child’s psychological trauma can be minimised is by being accepted into a peer group such as a school. While this may indeed be true, the problem is that refugee children are seldom seen by their peers as â€Å"belonging† and are therefore seldom completely accepted. (Lewis 1998) This is either aggravated or caused by the fact that they already have twice the rate of psychiatric disorder as found in control groups of children. (Tousignant et al. 1999). It is therefore important to be aware of these problems as they are often very amenable to psychiatric intervention (O’Shea et al. 2000). The authors quote a paper by Burnett and Peel (2001) who appear to be particularly pessimistic about making a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder in children from a fundamentally different culture, as their recovery is thought to be secondary to the reconstruction of their support networks, which may prove particularly difficult in a different or even alien, cultural environment. They point to studies of the children who fled to the USA to escape the Pol Pot regime, who had post-traumatic stress in childhood, and even when followed up 12 years later they quote 35% as still having post traumatic stress and 14% had active depression. (Sack et al. 1999). This may be a reflection of the difficulty in getting appropriate treatment for a condition in a different culture. But, in distinct relevance to our considerations here, the authors comment that even exposure to a single stressor may result in a surprisingly persistent post traumatic stress reaction. (Richards Lovell 1999) The last article that we are going to consider here is a paper by Papineni (2003). This paper has been selected partly because of it’s direct relevance to our consideration, but also because on a human level, it is a riveting piece of writing. It is entitled â€Å"Children of bad memories† and opens with the quote â€Å"Every time there is a war there is a rape† (Stiglmayer 1994). The whole article is a collection of war-related rape stories and the resultant psychopathology that ensued. The author specifically explores the issues relating to childhood rape and its aftermath. She also considers a related issue and that is how the effect of maternal shame shapes a child’s perception of themselves (with heartrending consequences), how the shame felt by the mother is often externalised to affect the child who is the visible symbol of the physical act. (Carpenter 2000) The catalogue of emotion and reaction described in this article by some of the subjects, would almost make an authoritative text book on the consequences of a traumatic experience in childhood. It would be almost impossible to quantify a single negative emotion that was neither articulated nor experienced by the victims, not only of the act of rape, but also of the stigma and aftermath of the act which was often described as the worst aspect of the whole thing. A constant theme that runs trough the paper is the realisation that the presence of a child conceived by a rape is a potent reminder of the trauma and therefore is, in itself a bar to psychological healing. The author also points to the fact that another, almost inevitable consequence of forcible rape, is difficulty with relationships and intimacy which can devastate a child’s social development. (Human Rights Watch.1996). Such a child may not only have this burden to bear for its life, but the stigma forced upon it by society may also have untold consequences. The author quotes a child born from the Rwandan conflict, describing itself by different names which bear witness to society’s perception, and more accurately and inevitably, the child’s perception of itself: â€Å"children of hate, enfants non-desirà ©s (unwanted children), or enfants mauvais souvenir (children of bad memories)† The author describes how such psychological trauma may never be successfully treated and ends with the very perceptive comment â€Å"There cannot be peace without justice, and unless the international community recognises all rape in conflict situations as crimes against humanity, there will be no peace for the victims of such atrocities.† Conclusion It is clearly a forlorn hope to cover all of the aspects of trauma and its potential impact on a child’s life in one short article. We hope that, by being selective, we have been able to provide the reader with an authoritative insight into some on the problems associated with the subject. References Abikoff H. 1987 An evaluation of cognitive behavior therapy for hyperactive children. Adv Clin Child Psychol 1987; 10: 171-216. Bramble, Anne Klassen, Parminder Raina, Anton Miller, Shoo Lee, M S Thambirajah, Andrew Weaver, and Geoffrey D Kewley 1998 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children BMJ, Oct 1998; 317: 1250. Briere J. 1992 Methodological issues in the study of sexual abuse effects. J Consult Clin Psychol 1992; 60: 196-203. Burnett A, 2001 Peel M. Health needs of asylum seekers and refugees. BMJ 2001; 322: 544-547 Carpenter RC. 2000 Surfacing children: limitations of genocidal rape discourse. Human Rights Quarterly 2000; 22: 428-477 Follette VM, Polusny MA, Bechtle AE, Naugle AE. 1996 Cumulative trauma: the impact of child sexual abuse, adult sexual assault, and spouse abuse. J Trauma Stress 1996; 9: 25-35. Gorcey M, Santiago JM, McCall-Perez F. 1986 Psychological consequences for women sexually abused in childhood. Soc Psychiatry 1986; 21: 129-133. Haddad P, Garralda ME. 1992 Hyperkinetic syndrome and disruptive early experiences. Br J Psychiatry 1992; 161: 700-703 Hodes, B K MacDonald, C J Mummery, and D Heaney 2001 Health needs of asylum seekers and refugees BMJ, Jul 2001; 323: 229 Human Rights Watch. 1996 Shattered lives: sexual violence during the Rwandan genocide and its aftermath. USA: Human Rights Watch. 1996 Kewley GD. 1998 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is under-diagnosed and under-treated in Britain. [With commentary by E Orford.] BMJ 1998; 716: 1594-1595. Koss MP, Dinero TE. 1989 Discriminant analysis of risk factors for sexual victimisation among a national sample of college women. J Consult Clin Psychol 1989; 57: 242-250. Lewis M. Shame and stigma. In: Gilbert P and Andrews B, Editors, Shame: interpersonal behaviour, psychopathology, and culture, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1998). In: Gilbert P and Andrews B, Editors, Shame: interpersonal behaviour, psychopathology, and culture, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1998). Mayall A, Gold SR. 1995 Definitional issues and mediating variables in the sexual revictimisation of women sexually abused as children. J Interpersonal Violence 1995; 10: 26-42 OShea B, Hodes M, Down G, Bramley J. 2000 A school based mental health service for distressed refugee children. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2000; 5: 189-201 Papineni 2003 Children of bad memories The Lancet 2003; 362:825-826 Richards D, Lovell K. 1999 Behavioural and cognitive behavioural interventions in the treatment of PTSD. In: Yule W, ed. Post-traumatic stress disorders. Concepts and therapy. Chichester: John Wiley, 1999:239-266. Sack WH, Him C, Dickason D. 1999 Twelve-year follow-up study of Khmer youths who suffered massive war trauma as children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 38: 1173-1179 Stiglmayer A, Editor, 1994 Mass rape: the war against women in Bosnia-Herzegovina, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln (1994). Tannock R. 1998 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: advances in cognitive, neurobiological and genetic research. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1998; 39: 65-69 Thambirajah, 1998 Consultant child and adolescent psychiatrist. Child and Family Consultation Centre, Foundation NHS Trust, Stafford ST16 1PD BMJ 1998;317:1250 ( 31 October ) Tousignant M, Habimana E, Biron C, Malo C, Sidoli-LeBlanc E, Bendris N. 1999 The Quebec adolescent refugee project: psychopathology and family variables in a sample from 35 nations. Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 38: 1426-1432 Zeitlin. H 1995 Traumatised children BMJ, Sep 1995; 311: 883. ************************************************************************************************14.5.05 PDG Word count 2,746

Conflict in William Shakespeares Hamlet Essays -- William Shakespeare

An individual’s response to conditions of internal and external conflict is explored throughout literature. In his play, Hamlet, Shakespeare delves into the themes of appearance versus reality, lies versus deceit, rejection versus self doubt and tragedy, and in doing so attacks the frivolous state of humanity in contemporary society. In order to explore these themes, however, he uses several forms of conflict to project his opinions and expand his ideas relating to the themes of the play. Internal conflict, as well as external conflict are dominant features of his works, and in Hamlet are made evident through a succession of dire events which can attack and destroy someone. However perhaps the most captivating form of conflict Shakespeare uses to expand and explore the ideas presented within the text is the conflict between the self and the universe. Old Hamlet is killed by his brother Claudius. Only two months after her husband’s death a vulnerable Gertrude marries her husband’s brother Claudius. Gertrude’s weakness opens the door for Claudius to take the throne as the king of Denmark. Hamlet is outraged by this, he loses respect for his mother as he feels that she has rejected him and has taken no time to mourn her own husband’s death. One night old Hamlets ghost appears to prince Hamlet and tells him how he was poisoned by his own brother. Up until this point the kingdom of Denmark believed that old Hamlet had died of natural causes. As it was custom, prince Hamlet sought to avenge his father’s death. This leads Hamlet, the main character into a state of internal conflict as he agonises over what action and when to take it as to avenge his father’s death. Shakespeare’s play presents the reader with various forms of conflict which plague his characters. He explores these conflict s through the use of soliloquies, recurring motifs, structure and mirror plotting. Shakespeare uses external conflict in order to explore the theme of consequence, action and reaction in reaction in relation to consequence. Using the idea of external conflict, the playwright is able to demonstrate the aftermath of a difficult decision, leading to personal moral dilemma. This is made evident to the viewer when Hamlet kills Claudius. External conflict is used to explore Shakespeare’s view that man is a complex individual and that all actions have a consequence. The conseque... ...proach; via another character. Shakespeare uses conflict in Hamlet as a way of exploring ideas. He does this thorough the internal and external conflict that his characters face within the kingdom of Denmark. The conflict that follows is an outcome of lies and deceit which brings about tragedy. From this play we learn of the difficulty associated with taking a life as Hamlet agonises as to how and when he should kill Claudius and furthermore whether he should take his own life. Hamlet being a logical thinker undergoes major moral dilemma as he struggles to make accurate choices. From the internal conflict that the playwright expresses to us it is evident that it can kill someone, firstly mentally then physically. The idea of tragedy is explored in great detail through conflict where the playwright’s main message is brought across to the audience; Shakespeare stresses to his audience the point that conflict be it internal or external it can bring upon the downfall of great people and in turn have them suffer a tragic fate. It is Shakespeare’s aim to show us the complexity of man and that moral decisions are not easily made. Source Cited http://www.enotes.com/hamlet-text

Pollution Summary Essay

What is Air Pollution? The air we breathe supplies the oxygen that sustains life. Humans need oxygen to survive, and plants and animals need oxygen to survive. Our air supply has become contaminated by human activity. We have created machinery that has produced smog and acid rain. We have created a green house effect and have made holes in our ozone layer. Each of these acts can cause serious health problems for humans and animals, and can cause grave harm to our vegetation and ecosystems. There are seven main types of air pollutants. Raven (2008) describes them as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, hydrocarbons, ozone, air toxics, and carbon oxides. Particulate matter can come from dust, soil, soot, and asbestos Nitrogen oxides come from gasses that are produced by chemical interactions between atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen. Sulfur oxides come from chemical interactions between sulfur and oxygen. Hydrocarbons come from chemical interactions between hydrogen and carbon. Ozone comes in two forms; (1) oxygen’s reaction with UV radiation in the stratosphere and, (2) oxygen reaction in the troposphere what creates smog. Air toxics can be radioactive substances, fluorides, and hydrochloric acid, and carbon oxides are carbon monoxide and dioxide. Causes of Air Pollution Chemicals, human sources, and natural sources contribute to air pollution. Air pollution can be traced all the way back to Ancient Roman times. â€Å"Every day, the average person inhales about 20,000 liters of air. Every time we breathe, we risk inhaling dangerous chemicals that have found their way into the air. † (Caroline, David, Michael, Mindy, Neil, and Vikas, 1999, The Environment: A Global Challenge. Air Pollution). Air pollution occurs in the atmosphere and can move easily from one location to another, it is a global concern. Air pollution is a problem both outdoors and inside homes. Chemicals There are seven main types of air pollutants according to a regulatory perspective. These are: particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon oxides, hydrocarbons, ozone, and air toxics. Particulate matter is made of thousands of solid and liquid particles hanging in the atmosphere. Solid particulate matter is commonly known as dust; whereas as liquid articulate matter is known as mist. Particulate matter includes the following pollutants: soot, lead, asbestos, soil particles, sea salt, and sulfuric acid droplets. Nitrogen oxides are gases produced as a result of interaction between nitrogen and oxygen involves a supply of energy such as combustion of fuels resulting in high temperatures. Sulfur oxides are gases. These gases are a result of a chemical interaction between sulfur and oxygen. When combined with water, the result is sulfuric acid. Carbon oxides consist of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide has no color, smell, or taste and is second as an air pollutant only to carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is also does not have color, smell, or taste and is a greenhouse gas. Hydrocarbons consist are a varied collection of organic compounds including hydrogen and carbon. Small hydrogen molecules are gaseous at room temperature. Hydrocarbons include methane (colorless and odorless gas principally included in natural gas), benzene (which is a liquid at room temperature), and paraffin (which is a solid at room temperature). Ozone is a form of oxygen that is a pollutant in one area of the atmosphere but essential in another area of the atmosphere. Hazardous air pollutants (HAPS) consist of hundreds of other air pollutants such as chlorine, lead, hydrochloric acid, formaldehyde, radioactive substances, and fluorides. Humans Many chemicals that cause air pollution exist naturally in our world. These chemicals are harmful in both their natural form; however, become even more harmful when burned by humans for fuel, heat, or electricity. The two main causes of air pollutants in urban areas are transportation and fuel combustion from stationary sources. The stationary sources are heating and cooling for buildings and coal-burning power plants. Vehicles such as cars, trains, heavy-duty trucks, and airplanes, produce high amounts of carbon dioxide while fuel combustion produces high amounts of sulfur dioxide. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) â€Å"are man-made compounds that were originally developed in 1930 as a safer alternative to the refrigerants then in use such as sulfur dioxide and ammonia.

Nutrition Related Diseases Conditions - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1181 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Nutrition Essay Did you like this example? My patient is J.W., he is a 60 year old African-American male who identifies as Catholic. J.W. is 6’0† in height and weighs 230lbs. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Nutrition Related Diseases Conditions" essay for you Create order The patient is married and has three children. He leads a fairly sedentary lifestyle as he travels three days a week for work and tends to eat out three meals per day. His current diet consists of high calorie fast food which is low in nutrients. The patient has been diagnosed with hypertension (HTN), and dibetes mellitus type to (DM2) and his doctor has recommended that he lose one pound per week for three months in order to help him achieve a healthy weight. Medications that J.W. is currently taking are Metformin 500mg twice a day, Metropolol 200mg once daily as well as a multivitamin. J.W.’s body mass index is at 31.2 which categorizes him as obese. For a male of his height, the BMI chart recommends that he should weight between 140lbs-180lbs in order to be considered healthy (aim for healthy weight 2018). J.W. stated that he eats fast food three times a day, and although there are some healthy choices that can be made when eating out, most people opt for the less healthy options. Based on what Americans commonly eat in fast food restaurants, such as burgers and fries with say, a coke, J.W.’s diet is high in fat, cholesterol, sodium, and sugar. There is definitely some protein in there, however, fat, cholesterol and sodium far outweigh the amount of protein. In order for J.W. to achieve the one pound weight loss per week, he will have to learn what the healthier options are at the places he eats and stick to those when eating on the go. Restaurants such as Subway offer healthier options. They serve egg white omelets for breakfast and lean meats or veggie subs for lunch. McDonalds and Starbucks offer oatmeal for breakfast, chicken wraps, and chicken salads as their healthier options. One of the most popular now, Chick-Fil-A offers a variety of salads as well as skinless grilled n uggets and chicken strips. Panera also has some sensible meals, soup or salad and a sandwich for lunch for example (fast food places that serve healthy foods). Most people in our society today are always on the go and it is less likely that we eat homecooked meals every day, which is why it is important that we educate patients on proper nutrition even when having to eat out often. Micronutrients are defined as â€Å"nutrients that are needed in small amounts† (Dudek, 2018), these are our vitamins and minerals. Vitamins A, D, E, and K, are fat soluble vitamins. Since these are not easily excreted through urine and so it is important to take only what is needed to avoid toxicity (Dudek 2018). Vitamin A aids with eyesight, bone development, teeth development, immune function, and promotes healthy skin and hair (Dudek, 2018). Due to the foods that J.W. eats such as the beef in cheeseburgers, it is unlikely that he would develop a deficiency in vitamin A. There are however healthier options such as fruits and vegetable by which he can obtain the needed amount of vitamin A. Carrots and sweet potato are known to be a great source of vitamin A. Vitamin D is extremely important in bone development. Vitamin D comes from sunlight, oil, milk, fish, egg yolks, and liver (Dudek 2018). A deficiency in vitamin D could cause hormonal imbalances, affect bone growth and density, decay teeth, and negatively affect absorption in the GI tract (Dudek 2018). If vitamin D levels drop low enough, the patient could experience muscle twitches, tingling around the mouth and tingling in the distal extremeties (Dudek 2018). Since J.W. travels for work, I suspect he does not spend much time in the sunlight. Also, because J.W. is African American, he would need to be in the sunlight for a prolonged amount of time in order fully benefit. It is very likely that J.W. is deficient in vitamin D or at the very least he has a low level of vitamin D. A deficiency in vitamin E, although rare, can cause a patient to be anemic, swollen or produce skin lesions (Dudek 2018). Foods that provide vitamin E are vegetable oils, leafy green vegetables, whole grains, and nuts (Harvard Health Publishing). With the description of J.W.’s diet, I would suspect that his vitamin E is on the lower end. Finally, vitamin K aids in clotting of the blood. Some foods that provide vitamin K cabbage, eggs, milk, spinach, broccoli, and kale (Harvard Health Publishing), again, I would suspect that J.W. is also deficient in vitamin K or at least has low levels of vitamin K. Because J.W. does have hypertension, he also needs to monito r his sodium level intake. The recommended daily intake of sodium is 2300mg. This number should be greatly reduced due to J.W.’s age and condition. J.W. should consume no more than 1500mg of sodium per day (Shaking the salt habit to lower blood pressure, 2019). J.W. has been diagnosed with two major conditions, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension. Hypertension has both modifiable factors and non modifiable factors (Nutrition ATI). Some modifications that J.W. could make to help with his hypertension are to lower sodium consumption, incorporate physical activity at least 30 minutes a day, even if it is just a brisk walk, lose weight, smoking cessation, and adding more fruits and vegetables to his diet (Nutrition ATI). Type two diabetes also has some modifiable risk factors such as exercising and maintaining a healthy weight. According to the American Heart Association, adults with diabetes are more likely to die from heart disease than adults without diabetes. Cardiovascular disease is the number one killer for diabetics (Dudek 2018). Since J.W. leads a very sedentary lifestyle, even light exercise will make a huge difference in his health. As he loses weight and gains endurance, he can aim for higher intensity workouts. J.W. currently takes Metformin, Metropolol, and a multivitamin. Metformin is used in controlling blood sugar in type 2 diabetes. J.W. should be educated on the effects of Metformin and should monitor his blood glucose levels regularly while on this medication. He should also know the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia such as pallor, tremors, diaphoresis, palpitations, and anxiety as hypoglycemia could be fatal if not treated effectively (Copstead and Banasik 2013). Metropolol is a Beta-adrenergic blocker used to regulate blood pressure. When taking this medication J.W. should monitor himself for hypotension as it is one of the side effects. According to Copstead and Banasik, this medication could also cause anxiety and heart palpitations. It is important that J.W. talk to his provider about all medications, prescribed and over the counter, in order to prevent any contraindications or sever interactions. According to Dudek, a diabetic patient should consume 1500-2000 calories per day. In order for J.W. to lose one pound per week, his daily consumption should be as follows: Calories (1500-2000) Carbohydrates (231g/day) Fat (62g/day) Protein (93g/day) Cholesterol (

Different levels of strategy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1549 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? STRATEGY Michael Porter defines strategy in terms of competitive strategy which is about being different. He argues that strategy is being in a competitive position, being different in the eyes of the customer, and adding value through a combination of activities that are different from those of competitors. BUSINESS STRATEGY In these days strategy is become the art of controlling and utilizing the resources of a company. Strategy is all theseà ¢ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬it is perspective, position, plan, and pattern. Strategy is the bridge between policy or high-order goals on the one hand and tactics or concrete actions on the other. How to run the business, possible threats or opportunities are in business strategy. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Different levels of strategy" essay for you Create order Different Levels of strategy There are three different levels of strategy which are corporate, business, operational strategy. Corporate Strategy is concerned with the overall purpose and scope of the business to meet stakeholder expectations. This is a crucial level since it is heavily influenced by investors in the business and acts to guide strategic decision-making throughout the business. Corporate strategy is often stated explicitly in a mission statement. Business Unit Strategy is concerned more with how a business competes successfully in a particular market. It concerns strategic decisions about choice of products, meeting needs of customers, gaining advantage over competitors, exploiting or creating new opportunities etc. Operational Strategy is concerned with how each part of the business is organised to deliver the corporate and business-unit level strategic direction. Operational strategy therefore focuses on issues of resources, processes, people etc I am chairman of Sainsbury. Thi s is in Birmingham. This is retailing store where we sell all things like grocery, fresh food, clothes etc. Internal and external scan SWOT analysis Strength Strength of the business is considered such as its resources and how they are performing in particular market. Some company has good marketing and some has good productivity. So all these are strength of the company. Weakness Every business has got weakness. Weakness mean at what point business is not doing good called their weakness. Some business got problem in their productivity etc and these are their weakness. We have got marketing problem. We are not getting customers which we were supposed to. Opportunities Opportunities are always in market for the business. For example we have got opportunity that in future we may improve our market because our economy is recovering from recession. Threats Opportunities and threats for the company are always in market. Threats may be in the type of inflation or current legislation issues. When company make strategies they have to care about possible threats in future. PEST analysis Political All business depends on the nature of local politicians. Policies of business always effect local business. Some government support not only local trade but also international trade as well. Policies of UK government are always very supportive for retiling market. We got lower taxes at our trade. Economic Economic factors always affect the business. If the economy situation of the company will be good then business will be more expanded and more investors will like to invest money in that economy. Sainsbury is retailing store and in UK people tend to buy all things under one roof quite beneficial for us. Social Social factors play a vital role in any business. What type of business should be open and how we are going to run according to local society always a major factor. Technological How business will be in particular market always depend on latest technology. We have got latest technology like super fast computer etc to reduce time. Strategic initiatives Strategic initiatives are first planning of organization. When an organization identify problem then they make strategy to solve them. Strategic initiatives are something like main goal which organization wants to achieve. In my company I have found that we have very poor marketing. So our strategy is to improve our marketing by taking different approaches. Objectives of the strategy Objectives are goals of the organization. When organization make strategy means they are planning to achieve one target. To achieve this target there are so many objectives. After achieving these objectives we can make our strategy successful. We have got many objectives like Advertise our products Make the price lower than other competitors Introduce new policies to attract customers Improve our customer care department Improve the quality of products in store Required actions for strategy After analysing our problem in organization through internal and external scan we make strategy and to make this strategy successful we have to ach9eve some objectives and to achieve the objectives we need to take actions and these actions are called required actions. In first to advertise us we need to give our advertisement in internet and in newspapers. In this way more people will come to know about us. We need to analyse our market very carefully and need to make the prices of our products lower than competitors in order to attract more customers. We need to bring new policies where customers should be given first place in company. We need to issue Sainsbury cards and on these cards customers should give discount and if they want to pay after some time, this facility should be given on card. If customer dissatisfy we should have flexible our policy and should give total refund to customer to make him happy. Resources required To make the strategy successful and achieve cadmic goals we need resources which may be in form of money etc. In my company we have got good resources like Money, Building, Broad Parking Space, Employees, Latest technology Assessment of the strategy After imposing strategy we analyse that how far our strategy will be successful. In other words we predict the success of strategy. I predict that we will be able to improve our market by 33%. Before this was only 12% but we hope that we will be able to improve our market by 33%. Outcomes of the strategy Outcomes are result of the strategy. What will be conclusion of the strategy is very important for any organization. Outcome of our strategy was 30%. We able to improve our market by 30% and this were ok for us. Continuous improvement in strategy In this section we analyse our strategy and see whether we have got results which we were accepting or not. We see where we got problems in our strategy and take further actions to solve them. Recommendation Sainsbury is retailing store and in recent years its market has been down. I personally went in public and ask then what they think about our company and I was surprised that half of them think that we are more expensive than our competitors and we dont have good customers policies like refund etc. I recommend that first of all we should make our prices low. This may be very difficult process because it has direct effect on our profit but in order to improve our market and attract more customers we definitely need this. We need to issue new Sainsbury cards which will be more improved than previous one and need to provide more facilities on cards. We need to advertise our new and modified company with lower prices and good customer policies. We can advertise through TV, internet, newspaper etc. In this way more people will come to know about our company and will be attracted. We need to analyse our competitors in market and see how well they are doing in market and what net policies they are bringing and how they will affect us. So in this way will not only improve our marketing but also will also increase our productivity. Conclusion Strategy Strategy is the direction and scope over long period which get benefit for the company by its managing of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectations There are three different levels of strategy which are corporate, business, operational strategy. In Internal and external scan we analyse PEST and SWOT. Strategic initiatives are first planning of organization. When an organization identify problem then they make strategy to solve them. Objectives are goals of the organization. When organization make strategy means they are planning to achieve one target. After analysing our problem in organization through internal and external scan we make strategy and to make this strategy successful we have to ach9eve some objectives and to achieve the objectives we need to take actions and these actions are called required actions. To make the strategy successful and achieve cadmic goals we need resources which may be in form of money etc. After imposing strategy we analyse that how far our strategy will be successful. In other words we predict the success of strategy. Outcomes are result of the strategy. What will be conclusion of the strategy is very important for any organization. In continues improvement we analyse our strategy and see whether we have got results which we were accepting or not. We see where we got problems in our strategy and take further actions to solve them In last I would like to say that any company can be successful only when it has smooth relation with government and local society. By taking this strategy we were able to improve our marketing.

The Sports Of Intercollegiate And Interscholastic Sports

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